Breed overview
- Breed group – Terrier (United Kennel Club)
- Height – 17 to 20 inches (females), 18 to 21 inches (males)
- Weight – 30 to 60 pounds (females), 35 to 65 pounds (males)
- Coat colors – Black, white, fawn, red-brown, blue-gray, brown, brindle, and tri-color coats of white, black, and brown. As pit bull puppies mature, their fur’s pigment can change.
- Exercise needs – Above average
- Intelligence – High intelligence
- Barking – Moderate
- Temperament – Playful, energetic, affectionate, determined, and loyal
- Lifespan – 8 to 16 years
- Hypoallergenic – No
- Origin – United States
American Pit Bull Terrier fun facts
- Featured on American propaganda posters during two world wars
- Wrinkly foreheads at birth smooth out as they grow up.
- Recognized by the United Kennel Club and the American Dog Breeders Association (but not the American Kennel Club)
American Pit Bull temperament and characteristics
The American Pit Bull Terrier (typically referred to as just “Pit Bull”) has been controversial over the past few decades because of differing views on its temperament. While some animal organizations point to an inherently affectionate nature, others point to a dangerously aggressive streak.
Most agree that the American pit bull terrier is an independent, intelligent, and energetic breed. Determination is one of its strongest traits. Other temperament characteristics include friendliness, playfulness, stubbornness, confidence, and intelligence. However, their background, genetics, socialization, and training can affect their personality and temperament.
The characteristics that make American pit bull terriers excellent work dogs and loyal pets can also prove challenging for people unfamiliar with pit bull-type dogs or those unprepared for the breed’s high energy level.
Pit Bulls are also sometimes confused with dogs that possess a common general appearance or are mixed breeds, like the Pocket Bully and the American Bully. Other breeds include:
Common Pit Bull health problems
Overall, American pit bull terriers are a strong and healthy breed. On average, they live about 12 years, with lifespans ranging from 8 to 16 years. While this doesn’t mean your dog will experience these health issues, they are at higher risk for the following conditions:
- Hip dysplasia. A condition that typically affects larger breeds, canine hip dysplasia occurs when the femur bone doesn’t fit neatly into the hip joint. Over time, this leads to inflammation and pain in the hip joint.
- Dental disease. American pit bull terriers are more likely than other dogs to have problems with their teeth. If left untreated, dental disease can cause the loss of teeth and risk damaging the kidneys, heart, and other organs.
- Demodectic mange. Demodectic mange mites can be found on any dog breed, but young pit bull terriers often have a larger number living in their hair follicles. This leads to hair loss and secondary skin infections.
- Progressive retinal atrophy. American pit bull terriers have two genetic mutations that can cause progressive retinal atrophy. In this eye condition, the retina quickly deteriorates, leading to vision loss in affected American pit bull terriers under one year. Genetic testing can detect mutations before breeding.
- Allergies. Similar to other breeds predisposed to allergies, like Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers, Boxers, and Dalmatians, Pit Bulls commonly develop them too. Symptoms of allergies include itching, irritation, and loss of hair. Environmental factors, seasonal changes, food, and fleas can cause allergies.
- Cataracts. Cataracts is largely a genetic condition, but it can also develop through injury to the eye, nutritional imbalances, or diabetes. Up to 80% of dogs with diabetes develop cataracts within the first year. Keep your dog a healthy weight and look for signs of cloudy eyes, light sensitivity, or behavioral changes.
- Ear infections. Usually related to allergies, ear infections are common in American pit bull terriers. You’ll notice symptoms such as increased ear scratching, redness, and a definite yeast-like smell.
- Skin infections. One of the most common skin infections is zinc-responsive dermatosis, caused by a lack of zinc in the diet or improper absorption. Redness, crusting, hair loss, and lesions on the skin commonly occur. Other common skin infections include bacterial or yeast infections that start as a result of itching from allergies.
- Hypothyroidism. Pit bulls are also prone to hypothyroidism, a hormonal condition. As their metabolism slows (from not making enough thyroid hormone), they can gain weight, act lethargic, have dull, thin fur that sheds excessively, have behavioral changes, and have high cholesterol. It’s common in large-breed adult dogs.
Cost of caring for Pit Bulls
Like any breed of dog, the cost of caring for an American pit bull terrier throughout its lifetime can be expensive. Pet insurance may reduce out-of-pocket expenses and provide peace of mind. It’s also a good idea to set up a pet savings account to cover expenses not covered by insurance.
History of the American Pit Bull Terrier
The American Pit Bull Terrier descended from the English bull-baiting dog. They were bred to bite and hold bulls, bears, and other large animals. Eventually, they were crossed with smaller, more agile terriers, which have a higher drive for hunting and conquering prey. Once bull baiting was outlawed in England in 1835, promoters turned to dog fighting.
Pit bulls were brought to the United States in the 19th century, and while some were still used as fighting dogs, the majority served as hunters, herders, guardians, and loyal pets. The AKC refused to recognize Pit Bulls because of their reputation as fighters.
Chauncy Bennet formed the United Kennel Club to specifically register the American Pit Bull Terrier, though it later expanded to include other breeds. In 1909, the American Dog Breeding Association was formed by breeders who felt the UKC failed to adequately focus on their working traits.
American pit bull terriers also appeared in multiple World Wars. In World War I, a pit bull named Stubby became the first American dog to serve with a platoon in Germany. He was later promoted to sergeant, making history as the first US Army dog in this rank. They were also prominent during World War II, appearing on war posters and cartoons to increase awareness and raise funds for war bonds.
These brave dogs fought alongside soldiers in the trenches, often sacrificing their lives on the battlefield. They also earned the title “America’s Nanny Dog” as a nod to their loving and dependable nature with children.
Pit bull controversy
Today, some communities have imposed restrictions or outright bans on pit bulls and other breeds. According to the Humane Society of the United States, breed-based policies are based on myths and misinformation rather than science or credible data. A study conducted by the American Temperament Test Society found that Pit Bulls with proper handling passed the test 87% of the time.
Every year, there are reports of pit bull bites or mauling, but it isn’t only Pit Bulls or pit bull-type dogs that inflict these injuries, but a range of breeds. A 2019 study found an average of 337,103 emergency room visits each year for dog bites at a cost of $400 million — 1.7% of those cases resulted in hospital admission. Proper training for all dog breeds can help prevent the occurrence of this issue.
Caring for your Pit Bull
If you adopt or buy a Pit Bull, be prepared to give your puppy a lot of time and attention. Enroll your pup in training and socialization classes at a young age. They are social dogs that can become depressed and destructive if left alone. Also, be wary of leaving them unsupervised outdoors. Known for being accomplished escape artists, American pit bull terriers can climb high fences and wiggle out of seemingly safe enclosures.
Lastly, consider that not everyone will be welcoming of your dog. It’s best to be prepared for comments and confrontation. Consider having supportive articles handy to help dispel harmful misinformation about Pit Bulls and other breeds labeled as “aggressive.”
Unfortunately, rental applications can get denied because of your dog’s breed. But, you may be able to pay an extra monthly fee. Your landlord can use this extra money for any damages that may occur. Consider getting pet health insurance and animal liability insurance to offset the costs of this. These options give you and the property owner peace of mind if anything happens.
Exercise
Pit Bulls are rambunctious until they mature. Most pit bulls require 45 to 60 minutes of exercise daily. A mix of physical and mental stimulation, including playful interactions with their human family, can help keep them happy and healthy.
The best home environment for a pit bull is one where owners have the time, energy, and physical ability to train and play with their dog regularly. Because of a Pit Bull’s high prey drive, smaller animals, including cats and rabbits, may become hunting targets.
These devoted companions need daily exercise through walking, playing, and running. They are best for active families with plenty of space and time to dedicate to their excitable personalities. Some may work well with more laid-back lifestyles. However, this is dependent on the specific dog and their personality. With proper socialization and supervision, these dogs make great family pets.
Grooming
A Pit Bull’s coat is short, yet they can still shed quite a bit. American pit bull terriers require regular baths with gentle shampoo. Go for a walk before bath time to expend some nervous energy and you might meet less resistance from your dog.
Regularly brush your pit bull. Not only does this cut down on shedding, but it also removes excess moisture and reveals any skin issues. Other parts of the grooming process that you need to work into your schedule include:
- Nail trimming. Keeping your dog’s nails trimmed is essential. Untrimmed nails become vulnerable to breaks or tears. Ask your vet or bring them to a groomer if you need assistance with this.
- Ear cleaning. Keeping your dog’s ears clean prevents infection and discomfort from debris or excess ear wax.
- Teeth brushing. Gum disease is one of the most prevalent problems plaguing dogs, so regularly brushing your pup’s teeth with dog toothpaste is essential—every day, if possible.
Diet and nutrition
Because of their athletic build and high energy levels, Pit Bulls require a balanced diet of proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. Puppies require higher amounts of nutrients than mature dogs. It’s best to feed a pit bull puppy a high-quality puppy formula created especially for large-breed dogs.
Wet food can also be mixed with dry kibble but should be added sparingly to avoid plaque forming on the teeth. As much as you may want to give your dog table scraps, don’t. This practice can lead to digestive problems, diabetes, and other health conditions.
Talk with your vet to find out how much to feed your dog daily. Portion size depends on your dog’s age, weight, energy level, and type of food. Overeating can lead to obesity, joint problems, and digestive tract disorders. It’s a good idea to feed your pit bull twice a day rather than allowing for food to be available constantly.
Training your Pit Bull
Pit bulls are intelligent dogs that respond to training if done early and correctly. Socializing them early can offset behavioral issues like aggression. They’re usually responsive to training and eager to please.
If they’ve undergone the correct puppy training and socialization classes early on, Pit Bulls are sweet, funny, affectionate, and loyal. Nearly any dog breed trained improperly or mistreated is capable of aggression toward other dogs or people.
Breeds similar to the American Pit Bull Terrier
Not quite sure that an American pit bull terrier is right for you? Even if you are, it’s worth taking the time to research and consider other similar breeds. Here are a few to get you started:
- Bull Terrier. The bull terrier has a similar build to a Pit Bull with more of an oval-shaped face and small pointed ears.
- Boxer. This breed is also strong, playful, curious, and can make excellent guard dogs.
- German Shepherd. A large, muscular breed, German Shepherds are similar to an American pit bull terrier because they are highly intelligent, loyal, courageous, and can make gentle family pets.
Frequently asked questions
What is a Pit Bull?
A pit bull is a medium-sized, short-haired dog that is highly intelligent and energetic. They typically have wide skulls, muscular jaws, and strong, athletic bodies.
Are Pit Bulls good family dogs?
Pit Bulls are known for being affectionate and extremely loyal to their owners. If trained properly, they can make terrific family dogs. They were once actually called “nanny dogs” because of their good demeanor with children. However, because of how American pit bull terriers were bred and often treated, they can also be unpredictable and difficult for some owners to handle.
Why are Pit Bulls so feared?
American Pit Bull Terriers and other breeds of pit bulls are feared because of their history. Originally bred for blood sports like bull- and bear-baiting, pit bulls were trained to attack and immobilize the agitated animals. Although fatal attacks are extremely rare, many communities have enacted bans against any type of pit bull. In reality, a properly trained and cared-for pit bull can make an affectionate and loyal pet.
