The essentials
- Lupus is a rare immune system disease — It can affect both humans and dogs. There is currently no cure, so those afflicted carry the disease for life.
- The two types of canine lupus: SLE and CLE — These conditions differ greatly in symptoms and severity. CLE is more common and easily managed, while SLE can be fatal.
- Lupus in dogs is sometimes called “the great imitator” — The disease can be tricky to diagnose since many of its symptoms mimic those of other canine conditions.
Lupus is an autoimmune disease (AID) that affects both dogs and humans, causing the immune system to mistakenly attack the body. The most common AID in dogs is immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) followed by pemphigus foliaceus.
In dogs, lupus can manifest in two forms. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is the more common type and primarily impacts the skin. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), however, can attack internal organs and may be life-threatening. In some extremely rare cases, both types of lupus can overlap.
Dr. Dwight AlleyneWhen both types of lupus develop, this can lead to a poor quality of life due to the complications and discomfort both conditions can produce.
Certain breeds, such as German Shepherds, Shetland Sheepdogs, Old English Sheepdogs, Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers, German Shorthair Pointers, and Collies, are at higher risk. Additionally, one study suggests that dogs living with owners who have SLE may also face a higher risk. Understanding canine lupus is extremely important, especially for owners of these predisposed breeds.
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Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) in dogs
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is contained to a dog’s skin, and almost always affects dogs’ noses and faces. Thankfully, this more common type is treatable and many dogs recover well. However, there is no cure for the disease and treatment must be maintained life-long.
There are three sub-types of CLE in dogs:
- Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE). The most common form, primarily targeting the skin around the nose and face. Breeds known to be more prone to DLE include German Shepherds, Siberian Huskies, Labradors, Beagles, Boxers, French Bulldogs, Golden Retrievers, Australian Shepherds, Miniature Schnauzers, Rottweilers, Shelties, Collies, Dobermans, German Shorthair Pointers, and Great Danes.
- Vesicular cutaneous lupus erythematosus (VCLE). Affects the skin, especially in areas prone to friction, leading to lesions. VCLE most commonly affects Collies.
- Exfoliative cutaneous lupus erythematosus (ECLE). Involves widespread skin lesions and scaling, usually occurring on larger areas of the body. German Shorthair Pointers, Vizslas, and Wirehaired Vizslas are predisposed to ECLE.
These diseases are further classified by lesion type and average duration: acute cutaneous LE (ACLE), subacute cutaneous LE (SCLE), and chronic cutaneous LE (CCLE). It wasn’t until around 2019 that vets and scientists began referring to these diseases collectively as CLE. This change is largely due to an article written by a group of veterinary scientists discussing the need for reclassification.
The underlying causes for CLE remain largely unknown. However, the condition is often more common in sunny climates, and symptoms are often worsened by ultraviolet (UV) exposure.
Symptoms of CLE
Unlike SLE, symptoms of CLE are typically confined to dogs’ faces, so it’s easier to recognize. While some effects can spread to other areas of the face or body, most CLE symptoms center on the nose. Some common clinical signs of CLE include:
- Loss of pigmentation in the nose. The nose may develop lighter or uneven color patches.
- Crusting, scaling, or cracking. The skin around the nose can become dry, rough, and prone to cracking.
- Lesions or ulcerated sores. Open sores or painful lesions can appear on the nose or nearby areas.
- Changes in the texture of the nose. The nose may become thickened or change in texture, feeling rough or lumpy.
- Inflammation and redness of the face. The skin on the face may become swollen and red, indicating inflammation.
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CLE diagnosis
Biopsies are the main method veterinarians use to diagnose CLE. A skin biopsy sample is usually taken from the nose and tested for CLE. The biopsy can also help rule out other common skin conditions, like nasal hyperkeratosis. Dogs may require sedation and stitches for the biopsy, but the procedure is generally uncomplicated.
CLE treatment and prognosis
Often, vets will prescribe an oral antibiotic like tetracycline to treat secondary bacterial infections.
Topical steroid creams can also be effective, but owners must be careful not to let their dog lick the medication from their nose. In more severe cases, stronger immunosuppressants, like those used to treat SLE, may also be prescribed.
Lastly, dogs with CLE should avoid sun exposure whenever possible, as UV light can exacerbate the issue. For owners, this might mean adjusting walk schedules to minimize exposure or keeping dogs indoors as often as possible while they heal.
CLE is an autoimmune disease that stays with a dog for life. Unlike SLE, however, the prognosis for dogs with CLE is generally good with proper treatment.
Dr. Dwight AlleyneEven though CLE can cause significant changes to the skin, it is rarely life-threatening in dogs and can be well controlled with treatment. SLE can affect many organs and structures in the body, leading to more complications and requiring long-term treatment. Even with treatment, prognosis can be guarded.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in dogs
SLE in dogs is an AID where a dogs’ antibodies fight against their own tissues as if they are foreign. Since it targets immunity, SLE can have domino effects on several of the body’s other systems. While definitive causes of SLE are still being studied, genetic and environmental factors are thought to play a role.
German Shepherds, Shetland Sheepdogs, Afghan Hounds, Irish Wolfhounds, Collies, Poodles, and Beagles are all breeds predisposed to SLE.
Symptoms of SLE
Sometimes called “the great imitator,” lupus can be difficult to diagnose in dogs. Signs can take many forms and often mimic other conditions and autoimmune diseases, including pemphigus. General symptoms like lethargy, decreased appetite, or weight loss can occur. However, the disease can also affect specific systems and parts of the body.
Symptoms can be chronic and progressive but often appear suddenly. Some of the more common signs of SLE in dogs include:
- Skin conditions. Up to 33% of dogs with SLE exhibit dermatologic signs. This can take many forms, including redness, hair loss, crusty or scaly skin, and loss of pigment (color).
- Kidney damage. Initially, clinical signs of kidney disease in SLE are hard to detect. Over time, dogs may develop symptoms, including vomiting and increased thirst or urination.
- Joint pain. SLE can cause polyarthritis, or inflammation of the joints, leading to shifting leg lameness, pain, and swelling.
- Immune system issues. immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) affects up to 30% of dogs with SLE. This blood abnormality can cause pale gums and clotting issues.
SLE diagnosis
If your pup is experiencing any of these symptoms and you’re unsure why, you should visit your veterinarian right away. While there’s currently no single method to detect SLE, doctors can perform a series of diagnostic exams, including blood tests, to pinpoint the problem.
Doctors also rely on antinuclear antibody (ANA) tests to help determine if your pup has SLE. But, false positives and negatives can occur. Since SLE can affect different body parts, vets may also perform an X-ray to examine joints or an ultrasound to monitor kidney damage.
SLE treatment and prognosis
Generally, vets will prescribe immunosuppressive medications to combat SLE. Corticosteroids like prednisone are effective at treating milder cases. Sometimes, though, stronger immunosuppressants, such as cyclophosphamide or azathioprine, may be prescribed. Doctors can also treat secondary skin infections, like staph, with a course of antibiotics. Lastly, avoiding UV light exposure from the sun can help treatment in some cases.
Unfortunately, there is no cure for SLE, so dogs often require lifelong treatment. The disease is chronic and progressive, and the prognosis is sadly poor when left unaddressed. But, catching SLE early gives owners a chance to manage symptoms and maintain a happy lifestyle for their pets.
The bottom line on lupus in dogs
If you notice any signs of lupus in your dog, take them to the vet right away. CLE (most commonly DLE) is more common in dogs than SLE. But, both types require life-long treatment. Early detection and ongoing vet care are crucial to maintain the quality of life for your dog.
Frequently asked questions
Can dogs get lupus?
Yes. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) are the two main forms of canine lupus. Though both are rare, SLE is more severe.
What are the symptoms of lupus in dogs?
Symptoms of CLE include crusting, lesions, and discoloration of the nose. SLE affects other organs, like the skin, joints, and kidneys, and can cause symptoms including lethargy, appetite loss, hair loss, joint inflammation, increased urination, and more.
How is lupus in dogs treated?
Lupus treatment depends on the severity of symptoms. Immunosuppressant medication is the most common treatment option for pups with lupus.
How long will a dog with lupus live?
With the proper vet care and treatment, a dog with lupus can have a normal life expectancy. The prognosis varies greatly between the types of lupus and each individual dog. If left untreated, lupus can lead to death. Sometimes, dogs pass away from the disease even with treatment.
What triggers lupus in dogs?
There is great debate among vets and scientists about what triggers lupus in dogs. The truth is, we don’t really know. Some say stress, while others say vaccines or surgery can trigger AID. However, some breeds appear more prone to developing lupus regardless.
